- Contamination from sewage discharge.
- Suspended solids, turbidity, algae, bacteria and organics.
- Contamination with arsenic.
- Inability of conventional sewage treatment plant to meet regulations for direct discharge of effluent to environment.
- Focus on reuse of treated sewage effluent as new water source.
- Deliver high quality feed water for industrial use despite the water source
- Limited capability for direct discharge to environment.
- High organic, oil and heavy metals contents.
- Contamination with heavy metals (Fe, Mn)
- Deep wells with water temperature above 50 °C
- Contamination with radioactive isotopes
- High quality feed water for RO desalting process.
- Turbidity < 0.2 NTU
- SDI < 0.5 %/min
Turbidity
Silt
Iron
Manganese
Radioactive isotopes
PFAS
Turbidity
Silt
Algae
Bacteria
Microorganism
DOM, TEP
Turbidity, Silt
Bacteria, virus
Pharmaceutical toxins
Microplastic, PFAS
DOM, Hardness
Color, Taste
Oil & grease
Turbidity
Silt
Bacteria, virus
Pharmaceutical toxins
Microplastic
DOM, Hardness
Color, Taste
Turbidity
Silt
Algae
Bacteria
Microorganism
DOM
Color / Taste
